The Recession Of The United States Recession - 2003 Words

Recession is termed as a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters. Based on the complete recession that took place few important points that I could gather in specific considering each type of recession are listed below. How it took place? Causes for it and what impact it had on the audience. Let me discuss about this in brief. The recession of 1937-38 is usually known as â€Å"the recession at intervals Depression.† It came at a time once the recovery from the good Depression was aloof from complete and therefore the per centum was still terribly high. In fact, it had been a fatal natural event to the recovery. Real value fell 11 November and industrial production fell thirty second, creating it the third-worst United States recession within the twentieth century (after 1929-32 and 1920-21). The recession is usually attributed to a adjustment of business enterprise and financial policy. Christina Romer (2009) has argued that it s relevant to today’s scenario as a result of it illustrates the risks of a premature withdrawal of stimulant once the economy remains weak. But the recession remains somewhat of a mystery as a result of the 2 most often mentioned causes – the reduction within the business enterprise deficit and also the Federal Reserve’s call to double reserve needs – don t seem to possess been powerful enough to get a recession of the magnitude seen.Show MoreRelatedThe Recession Of The United States1460 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction Ever since World War II the United States has experienced many recessions. There have been many terrible recessions that have hit this great country hard. What is a recession people may wonder? A recession is a significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growthRead MoreThe Recession Of The United States910 Words   |  4 Pagesover the years, but when one dives deep into research, he can see that the cornerstone of the United States’ economy is about to fail. Not only should the government take a step back from further disrupting the economy, but they should rather help find ways to grow it through producing goods in America and by supporting new businesses to decrease the unemployment rate. A team working for Goldman Sachs states that America is the best wo rking economy in the world, but they didn’t do enough research. IfRead MoreThe Recession Of The United States874 Words   |  4 PagesEvery American was impacted in some way or another during the 2008 recession. Whether one was worried about their bank closing its doors, their business closing up or filling for bankruptcy it changed the way Americans save and think. The recession personally affected me for my father works at one of the â€Å"big three† car companies. And the fear of being let go of or laid off was something that every person in the industry had to deal with. But it was just in the car industry that suffered, it wasRead MoreThe Recession Of The United States1192 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The 2008-2010 recession is a period when an economic decline was witnessed in major world markets. The U.S. was among the worst hence pressuring the Federal Reserve to make efforts towards evading further damages. The recession was characterized by a rise in both economic demand and asset prices. Other features of the recession included high cases of unemployment, slumping commodity prices, and a drop of international trade. To avoid a further economic decline, the Federal ReserveRead MoreThe Recession Of The United States943 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral years ago the economy in the United States took a real turn for the worst. It was one of the biggest economical down falls in history. Many people lost their homes toforeclosure when they became unable to make their mortgage payments. There are many reasons that people suddenly became unable to make their payments. As the unemployment rate increased from 5% in December of 2007 to 10.01% in October of 2009 (Bureau of Labor Statisti cs) many people lost their jobs. Another cause was that peopleRead MoreEssay On The United States Recession781 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the United states recession in 2008. It also interested me in finding out what we have done, in the middle of doing, and what we are going to do to get out of the recession. I decided to choose this topic about the US economy and what we were and are doing to get out of the recession because I wanted to learn more about why we went into a recession and how we are now working on how to get out of one. I wanted to write about all the things that led up to the recession and write aboutRead MoreThe Great Recession Of The United States905 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States is a country that over the years has relied on its economic stability to continue providing acceptable living for its citizens and continue its leadership of the free world. This country went through an economic depression which lasted several years throughout the 1920 ’s and the 1940’s but successfully recovered from it after World War II. An economic boom in the 1990’s during George Clinton’s Presidency the federal budget was managed to be balanced and helped increase the economicRead MoreThe Worst Recession Of The United States1420 Words   |  6 PagesAt the end of the 20th century, it was clear that the United States national economy was on a incline. The U.S began winning the worldwide arms race, holding 50% of the world weapons stockpile (Taylor 10). Capitalism, the main trademark of the United States economy, spread like a wildfire across the majority of the world (Taylor 10). To the uneducated ear, news like this sounds great; the United States is slowly taking over the world. However, this insane growth was actually poising the U.S. forRead MoreThe Recession Of The United States And United Kingdom1839 Words   |  8 PagesThe Great Recession of 2007-2012, of which several countries are still recovering, incl uding the United States and United Kingdom, shows great similarity to the Japanese Recession of the 1990s. However, by taking a closer look and identifying the causes of both we become aware of the differences that make them not so similar after all. The Great Recession had a domino effect beginning in the United States with the fault of subprime mortgages creating a housing bubble. Whereas Japan’s fault lies withRead MoreThe Great Recession Of The United States2344 Words   |  10 Pagesof today’s mega corporations controlled by the sway of the stock market, giant old industrial era companies rule over the automobile market in the United States as well as large parts of the global automobile market. Companies such as General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford were at the center of it until the economic crisis now known as the Great Recession of the late 2000s. The whole market was declining in sales with General Motors and Chrysler taking the biggest hits while Ford only s uffered decline

Sleep Is Necessary For Children - 1899 Words

Sleep is necessary for everyone to lead a productive day, as well as to ward off stress, illness, and recuperate from a hectic day. Although sleep has many benefits, countless people do not always get the recommended amount of rest that is required to rejuvenate their bodies. This is often the case for those in college. With all the homework, studying, and stress, sometimes getting a full night’s sleep is something that is but a distant dream for students. These individuals tend to be at the mercy of their course workload and stress induced insomnia. With some minor alterations to daily habits, diet, and taking time for oneself, attaining a full night s sleep can become a reality. It is a troublesome fact that college students do not get a full eight to nine hours of uninterrupted sleep. In fact, on average, most college students get 6 - 6.9 hours of sleep per night, and the college years are notoriously sleep-deprived due to an overload of activities (University of Geor gia, 2014). This loss of sleep can account for failing classes and lower grade point averages. What contributes to the weariness for students that dorm is the residence hall life at UA makes it hard even for students trying to sleep – constant late-night chattering, visitors coming and going, early morning cleaning crews running their vacuums (Pope, 2012). With the raucous that goes on in the dorms, between maintenance, and sharing a room with someone with different class hours, thisShow MoreRelatedSleep Terrors1385 Words   |  6 Pages1 - SLEEP DISORDERS Sleep Terrors Table of Contents Introduction p 3 Body p 3 Definition p 3 Overview p 3 Diagnosis p 5 Symptoms p 5 Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention p 6 Role of the Polysomnographic Technologist p 7 Polysomnograpic Record p 8 Summary/Conclusion p 9 References p 10 Sleep Terrors Sleep terrors are commonly known by a few terms, including sleep terrors, night terrors, sleep terrorRead MoreChild Creativity And Its Effect On Children1266 Words   |  6 Pages Creativity in Children is one of the purest forms of self expression. There is nothing children want more than to openly express themselves free of judgement. Creativity, early on, is an important tool used by children to express personal feelings, thoughts, and experiences. The unfortunate problem seen in America however is the apparent trend, as described by psychologist, of an ever declining collective of creativity within our schools. This indeed is a problem since children use their creativityRead MoreSleep And It s Effects On The Brain1409 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep and It s Effects on the Brain Sleep is an essential aspect of life, and though most people tend to enjoy it quite a bit, it is often pushed aside and replaced with wasteful activities. In the past, people used to believe that the soul left the body during sleep. However, today, scientists have discovered that sleep is, in fact, necessary to function normally. When the body s natural circadian (sleep/wake) cycle is interrupted, one may feel drowsy, moody, unfocused, and distant. OnRead MoreSleep Deprivation, Nightmares, And Sleepwalking976 Words   |  4 Pageskiss our children goodnight, our favorite line is â€Å"Goodnight, sleep tight, don’t let the bedbugs bite†. You never thought about your son sleepwalking through the night or even your daughter screaming out her sleep. What about your twins, who are both, having nightmares! Let us think about one more thing, did you even know that this could happen to anyone at any age, even you. Many Americans around the world lack the knowledge of real izing how important sleep really is. The lack of sleep can causeRead MoreParenting Class on Sleep Settling and Postnatal Depression1858 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Parenting Class on Sleep Settling and Postnatal Depression Sleep Settling I. Introduction The Raising Children Network (2012) reports that sleep problems in infants and postnatal depression in mothers are common experiences and it research has demonstrated that sleep problems occur in approximately 45% of infants aged 0-12 months. This problem may result in serious consequences for families that adversely affect child development. (Raising Children Network, 2012) Research findings indicateRead MoreThe Science of Sleeping950 Words   |  4 PagesSleep timing is controlled by the circadian cycle, working as a inner timekeeping, temperature controlling device, and the part of the body that act as a transmitter associated with wakefulness. Sleep duration is also controlled by circadian rhythms; that is, the time one goes to sleep influences sleep duration. (Zimbardo, and Richard 143). A consistent pattern of cyclical body activities, this cycle constantly working on restoration and conservation of our bodies take place. About a third ofRead MoreWhy Do We Need Sleep?1713 Word s   |  7 PagesWhy Do We Need Sleep? Typed By: Miracle Taylor Regulating sleep is something our bodies do that is as natural as eating, drinking, and breathing. This implies that sleeping serves a similar role in our health and well being. Even though it is difficult to answer the question â€Å"Why do we need sleep?† scientists have developed several theories that may explain why we spend a third of our lives sleeping. Comprehending these theories can help expand our appreciation of the functionRead MoreSleep Dependent Memory And Its Effect On Children1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe researchers decided their participants to be children because when people discuss about the importance of sleep they mostly direct it to older teenagers and adults. People do not pay close attention to the importance of sleep for children as much. Then the researchers decided to show two different ways of learning style to suggest how sleep improves learning ability, because those are factors one would not consider. The possibility that sleep may affect one learning style and not the other.Read MoreA Study On How Sleep Disorder Affects Mental And Physical Development Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing need to sleep. Sleeping is an important part of our daily life. Sleep has been connected with wellbeing of human body. Adequate amount of sleep is important especially in children. It is because sleep is in fact the pri mary activity of brain development in preschooler and it directly impacts mental and physical development. Several studies has been performed to study the consequence of sleep disorder or sleep problem. Preschooler should get proper sleep because lack of sleep can leads to variousRead MoreA persuasive speech about Sleep Deprivation Importance of Good Nights Rest.809 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, sleep has come second to our daily routine, disregarding its importance for productivity. Many people are bogged down with errands, career issues and studying that sleep becomes overlooked. However, most of what we accomplish can be streamlined into more efficient productivity by one minor adjustment; a full-nights rest. According to the Journal of Nature Neuroscience, researchers have studied human memory by taking a PET scan of a group of people during REM-sleep, the type of sleep that occurs

Final Worldview Paper Free Essays

Everyone has a different worldview whether it is his or her religion or law. However, just because we listen and read about other religions does not mean we follow and believe them. I will add that a worldview helps me to understand life and reality in different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Worldview Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now People need to have a worldview to understand their purpose in life. Questions and Answers from my Own Worldview Perspective Who is God and what are His Characteristics? Christians believe that God created the universe and all within. He is the almighty. We are welcomed into a relationship with Him so that we will get to now Him personally, and intimately. â€Å"Let not the wise man boast of his wisdom or the strong man boast of his strength or the rich man boast of his riches, but let him who boasts boast about this: that he understand and knows me, that am Lord, who exercises kindness, justice and righteousness on earth, for in these I delight,† declares the Lord. (Jeremiah 9:23,24) What is a Human Being and what Happens When One Dies? The scripture reads that God created man and woman in the image of Him. When He created us, he gave us a soul and spirit. Our body exists as a shell; our soul is our inner feelings such as our emotions. The spirit is our mind, where we hear the whisper of God leading us in the right directions of our life. Believe that when we die the body is returned to the earth and our soul continues to live on with God. Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was; and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. (Ecclesiastic 12:7) What is the Nature of the Universe? Christians know that God created the universe according to His will. Now my worldview affects everything I believe about God, marriage, education and he way we raised our children. He created all that is and all that will be forever in the universe. No matter what other views exist, Christians know that God created the Heaven and the earth, which is the universe. God allows His children to see His creations according to his Word and it is up to Christians to have a relationship with Him (Salesladi es, 2013). How do You Know What You Know? How do you Know what is True? While growing up my grandparents taught me the family right from wrong. I also know what I know by attending church, listening to the pastor, and reading the Bible. This class has taught me about worldviews had never heard of before. It also taught me different ways to understand and research the Bible. I know what I know because God created me to be all I can be and to follow my dreams by practicing the power of positive direction Sakes, 2008). This is how know what I know. What is Right and Wrong or How can We Know there is a Right from Wrong? Knowing right and wrong should not be an issue for any Christian. Christians know that the Word is right and that there is no other alternative. Knowing that you have a healthy relationship with God is right enough for e. People can listen to who and whatever they want to receive the Word, but until they open the Holy Bible and receive it for themselves, they will not know the difference (Wright, 2004). Is Life Pointless or is there Purpose? I believe that God created everything and everyone for His purpose. I also believe Christians given this gift of love to serve only Him for His purposes. With this said all of Gods’ children are here for a reason, some find their reason sooner than others do, but as long as I believe and trust in Him will find my way in life. I believe that all things God works for good with those who love Him, those whom he has called according to His purpose. (Romans 8:28) What Core Commitments are Consistent with my Worldview? Impact on My Life? The core commitments and consistencies in my life consist of my spiritual life, family, and education. These are the areas in my life try to keep consistent. Being a consistent person really helps because not only do I have to pay attention to my education I have to pay attention to my sons’ as well. Do my best to keep Christ at the forefront or our life. Making this decision is meeting I try to day everyday (Jakes, 2008) My Worldview Compared to the Christian Worldview I try to take time from each day to read His word so that can continue my relationship with Him. Also try to help my family live by His word also, by sharing what have learned. There are times when I may find myself drifting away from the Word. That is when I have a little talk with Jesus. Because I know, He will keep me on the path to righteousness. Therefore, I really believe my worldview is one of a Christian worldview. Reflecting on My Worldview How does my Worldview Perform in the Tests of Worldviews? Any Christian, who knows God, knows that He is the measure of all things. In addition, we should be God-centered He is the reason why we are here today and the reason why we believe in His laws. Everyone seems to have his or her own worldview about the universe. A Christian worldview is all know and am happy for that experience. As for the other worldviews, I cannot put myself in the position to judge them Sakes, 2008). How does my Worldview affect my Thoughts and Actions? During this class, found that my Christian worldview affects my thoughts and my actions. I know that I am whom I am because of Him and I do my est. to serve Him by being patient and kind to others, because I want others to be kind to me. I also do my best to listen to the whisper in my soul as I know it is Him talking and leading me in the right direction as make decisions during the day and night. He is the keeper of my heart and know this (Jakes, 2008). How has my Worldview Changed over the Course of this Class? My worldview advanced while in this class. This class was not as difficult as I thought once I got over the anxious feeling. Enjoyed connecting the scriptures together and summarizing the passages. There Was a lot Of reading, but I understood the questions better once read the information. I must say that learned more in this class about the Bible than had ever known and I am thankful for those seven weeks of reading, writing, and discussions. This class has helped me understand that I do have a worldview and that it is not just an opinion (Wright, 2004). Conclusion This essay has helped me open my eyes to my own worldview. First, I described the worldview assumptions as it applied to my life and me. Several questions were answered as they related to my worldview. How to cite Final Worldview Paper, Papers

HR Strategy Must and Corporate Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: HR strategy must align with Corporate Strategy if a Company is to succeed and stand any chance of achieving Competitive advantage. Critically evaluate this statement, and illustrate your answer with examples. Answer: Introduction The following essay is based on the statement that Human Resource strategy should be aligned with the corporate strategy of the company to perform well and achieve competitive edge. Most firms have been observed to be viewing the department of HR as administrative functions and avoid the requirement and opportunity to align it with the corporate strategic plans. Many studies have been conducted to identify the link and importance between HR strategy and corporate strategy of the firms. The purpose of the essay is to analyze the fact that HR strategy needs to be aligned with the corporate strategy. It is observed that human resource departments are sometimes left to deal with only administrative functions like selection, performance management, compensation and training. However, these functions have no significance to the action of how an organization plans for the appropriate level of human resource to provide on its plans and objectives. Thus, Buller and McEvoy (2012) mentioned that empowering the HR department to increase value to the business strategy helps to ensure that it undertakes its functional activities in a manner that sustains growth and success. In order to conduct a detail analysis, 8 journals articles have been used in the essay as the supporting evidences. Moreover, the analysis has been performed linking with the findings provided in the previous studies. Some statements are established in the content with the real-world facts and scenarios. Discussion Strategy alignment is treated as the integration of visions, mission, goals and objectives with the regular organizational operation. As put forward by Sharma, Sharma and Devi (2011) strategy alignment facilitates persistent monitoring, evaluating and updating of strategy in accordance with changes in the business environment. In this context, Jackson, Schuler and Jiang (2014) also commented that, to have a successful strategic alignment, a requirement exists to create a strategic culture that consists of the behavior, beliefs, values and norms with the way the firm performs the operation. Moreover, Kalyani and Sahoo (2011) in their experimental study, mentioned that Human Resource Management and the corporate strategy should be aligned with each other. In the form of action, the senior human resource manager should take part with organizations top management in the strategic decision-making techniques. It is identified that that link between the HR strategy and corporate strategy is found when the HR professionals are seen to be spending more time as well as effort in understanding the business environment and the potential strategic issues. Huselid and Becker (2011) mentioned that human resource strategy should be linked to the corporate strategy because when the organization intends to implement a strategic plan it needs to ensure that it has the required the strength and capability. Understanding the external business environment, the organization makes strategic plans but when it comes to the implementation of the plans, the firm certainly needs the internal resource including the financial and human resources. For example, the large retail firm Coles in Australia has started selling the products online, which is a significant strategic initiative in the field of technological development (Coles.com.au 2017). However, to implement this strategy, the firm required to hire more e mployees for the distribution and technological supervision. On the other side, the large sports products retailer Sportsdirect located in UK is an internal sports products provider running its operation in all European nations but in the recent time, the first wanted to enter the Asian market (Au.sportsdirect 2017). However, due to poor reputation of the organization in terms of work culture, employee reward and recognitions, the organization suffered an unexpected employee turnover (Au.sportsdirect 2017). This means the human resource strategy of SportDirect is not supportive toward its corporate strategy. Therefore, it can be mentioned that corporate strategy should be aligned with the human resource strategy. According to Jackson et al. (2011), organizational success in terms of the corporate strategy achievement depends on the internal strength and the resources. Untrained and unskilled labors might not able to contribute to the achievement of organizational and corporate goals. The organizations might want to achieve its corporate goals in six months but due to lack of human resource or unskilled labor, the project might be delayed. For example, the furniture company IKEA is known to have the competitive advantages due to their low cost business model, which helps them to reduce the cost of operation and sell the products at low price (IKEA 2017). This is possible because IKEA has large and lasting supply chain network. Among organizational resources, the suppliers and manufacturers are the key resource of IKEA and the company develops a strong relationship with the suppliers and manufacturers, which creates deficiency of resource in terms of suppliers and manufacturers for other organi zation in the sector. Moreover, the organizational culture of IKEA is also liked to its business strategy. For example, IKEA sells disjointed furniture items that customers need to assemble and in the outlet these are placed in a way that customers could easily find an understand which product they need to buy, without borrowing knowledge from sales person (IKEA 2017). Due to this reason, IKEA does not hire a mass number of employees. IKEAs stores do not need sales person to accompany and guide the customers in purchasing. HR strategies are linked to the organizational operation and corporate strategies. As put forward by Guest (2011), an emphasis on human resource might help to gain a positive concept about the role of HR generally observed in tactically gaining competitive edge. A significant relation between human resource and corporate strategy exists because the larger similarity between the strategy and HR, the more effective and stable the organization could be and the skills of those strategies could be different. Thereby, the firm following the strategies could require different skills and because of this fact, HR strategy need to be aligned with the corporate strategy. In this context, Van Buren, Greenwood and Sheehan (2011) commented that the competiveness of an organization could be derived in a more easiest way, when its HR is appropriately associated with its business or corporate strategy. With a different perspective, it can be mentioned that it can be ascertained that when human resource is strategic as well as engaged to relate to firms performance, it plays a great role in the growth and development of operation (Ployhart and Moliterno 2011). It can also be added that by measuring the potential HR elements to strategy, the implementation of HR activities is transformed to the base of value generation of the organization. The measurement of the HR issues could provide the association between the business operation and HR. Conclusion It can be mentioned that alignment and strategic plans remains as the significant endeavor for every firm. The previous studies strongly are in the favor of a positive relation between HR, and performance. Moreover, the real-world examples demonstrated that HR plays a strong role in implementing strategy and gaining competitive advantages. The above-mentioned discussion helps to ascertain that HR should expand beyond administrative functions and insist more on how it could support the organization in strategic planning as well as implementation. Moreover, when the organization measures HR from a business perspective and by the value it brings to the firm, the top management might avoid HR in the strategic process. Rather, the senior management could welcome HR input, as they know how they could gain a clear understanding of how HR affect the bottom line from a business. References Au.sportsdirect 2017. [online] Au.sportsdirect. Available at: https://au.sportsdirect.com/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2012. Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), pp.43-56. Coles.com.au. 2017.Operations. [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/corporate-responsibility/environment/operations [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Guest, D.E., 2011. Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human resource management journal,21(1), pp.3-13. Huselid, M.A. and Becker, B.E., 2011. Bridging micro and macro domains: Workforce differentiation and strategic human resource management. IKEA. 2017.IKEA.com - International homepage. [online] Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Jackson, S.E., Renwick, D.W., Jabbour, C.J. and Muller-Camen, M., 2011. State-of-the-art and future directions for green human resource management: Introduction to the special issue.German Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), pp.99-116. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Kalyani, M. and Sahoo, M.P., 2011. Human resource strategy: A tool of managing change for organizational excellence.International Journal of Business and Management,6(8), p.280. Marler, J.H. and Fisher, S.L., 2013. An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), pp.18-36. Ployhart, R.E. and Moliterno, T.P., 2011. Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model.Academy of Management Review,36(1), pp.127-150. Sharma, S., Sharma, J. and Devi, A., 2011. Corporate social responsibility: The key role of human resources management.Human Resource Management: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities,9. Van Buren, H.J., Greenwood, M. and Sheehan, C., 2011. Strategic human resource management and the decline of employee focus.Human Resource Management Review,21(3), pp.209-219.

Tom Clancys Rainbow 6 Essay Example For Students

Tom Clancys Rainbow 6 Essay Tom ClancyRainbow SixThis book was published by G.P. Putnams Sons in New York, USA. Copyright date is 1998. There are 740 pages in this book. Thomas L. Clancy, Jr. was born on the 12th of April 1947, he is marriedand lives in Maryland, USA. Clancys novels can be classified asMilitary-Techno-Thrillers. He has written fiction and non-fiction books,Rainbow Six is a fiction book. As for other titles, well there are justto many to list, in total 23. Some books that he has written are TheHunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, to list afew. According to Clancy Rainbow Six, is one of my all timefavourites.The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one maincharacter, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters,Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo(Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificantcharacter introduced, Clarks wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who ismarried to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is DmitriyArkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as aspecial consultant. He will become very important later on in thebook. We will write a custom essay on Tom Clancys Rainbow 6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new Europeananti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into twoteams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They arebased in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them atany time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Onlyone team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call willbe doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being inoperation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type ofthing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists havetaken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes themout, with only one hostage killed, but he is killed before they hadgotten there. The first mission helps them organize themselves and fixa few holes in their planning. The second mission is in Germany. An international trader is takenhostage in his mansion/castle. This mission goes well too, thanks tothe snipers. No hostage deaths, but all the terrorists are killed. After this mission is over they realize they should have a helicopterand pilot on the team, this is done. The last mission that they arecalled on in the book is in Spain, in a huge amusement park. Earlier onin the book we hear a conversation in a french high security jail, withthe Jackal and his lawyer. The Jackal tells his lawyer he is sick ofbeing in jail and to call his friends and they would know what to do. The terrorists at the amusement park are well prepared, but not wellenough to take on the Rainbow Six team. They take 30 children hostage,and demand for the Jackal and several other prisoners release. One ofthe major things that goes awary for the terrorists is that the Rainbowsix have a program that would disable all cellular phones. They varyphones that the terrorists are using to communicate, with each other. Once their communication is out Rainbow Six easily takes them out one byone. They then take out the large group. Only one child is killed. The terrorists do this killing to show they are serious. One terroristgoes outside and takes a child that is in a wheelchair and shoots her inthe back. The team just had to sit there and watch. If they hadinterrupted, they know more children will die. .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .postImageUrl , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:hover , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:visited , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:active { border:0!important; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:active , .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40 .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9f65b5cdd3e7b5a30e6f28542bc1a40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Argumentative EssayIn the meantime while this is happening, Popov, the ex-KGB agent nowfreelance is hired by an American. Popov is hired to get people to dothe job in Switzerland, the bank taking, and the taking of theinternational trader in Germany. The person that has hired him is thepresident of a multi-national pharmaceutical company, that has access toand deals with extremely deadly viruses, he is extremely wealthy. Letscall him the Boss (sorry forgot his name). Popov has nothing to do withthe hostage taking of the children in Spain, that was the Jackal. Popovis living in New York will he is organizing these jobs and flies backand forth f rom Europe to organize them. After all

Digital library Essay Essays

Digital library Essay Essays Digital library Essay Essay Digital library Essay Essay Essay Topic: Shane Digital library An electronic library ( conversationally referred to as a digital library ) is a library in which aggregations are stored in electronic media formats ( as opposed to publish. microform. or other media ) and accessible via computing machines. [ 1 ] Wikipedia: VerifiabilityThe electronic content may be stored locally. or accessed remotely via computing machine webs. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system. In the context of the DELOS [ 2 ] . a Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries. and DL. org [ 3 ] . a Coordination Action on Digital Library Interoperability. Best Practices and Modelling Foundations. Digital Library research workers and practicians and package developer produced a Digital Library Reference Model [ 4 ] [ 5 ] which defines a digital library as: â€Å"A potentially practical administration. that comprehensively collects. manages and conserves for the long deepness of clip rich digital content. and offers to its targeted user communities specialised functionality on that content. of defined quality and harmonizing to comprehensive statute policies. â€Å" [ 6 ] The first usage of the term digital library in print may hold been in a 1988 study to the Corporation for National Research Initiatives [ 7 ] Wikipedia: Verifiability The term digital libraries was foremost popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994. [ 8 ] These draw to a great extent on As We May Think by Vannevar Bush in 1945. which set out a vision non in footings of engineering. but user experience. [ 9 ] The term practical library was ab initio used interchangeably with digital library. but is now chiefly used for libraries that are practical in other senses ( such as libraries which aggregate distributed content ) . A differentiation is frequently made between content that was created in a digital format. known as born-digital. and information that has been converted from a physical medium. e. g. paper. by digitising. It should besides be noted that non all electronic content is in digital informations format. The term intercrossed library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical aggregations and electronic aggregations. For illustration. American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress. Some of import digital libraries besides serve as long term archives. such as arXiv and the Internet Archive. Others. such as the Digital Public Library of America. seek to do digital information widely accessible through public libraries. [ 10 ] Academic repositories Many academic libraries are actively involved in constructing institutional depositories of the institution’s books. documents. theses. and other plants which can be digitized or were ‘born digital’ . Many of these depositories are made available to the general populace with few limitations. in conformity with the ends of unfastened entree. in contrast to the publication of research in commercial diaries. where the publishing houses frequently limit entree rights. Institutional. genuinely free. and corporate depositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries. Digital archives Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally. archives are defined as: 1. Incorporating primary beginnings of information ( typically letters and documents straight produced by an person or organisation ) instead than the secondary beginnings found in a library ( books. periodicals. etc. ) . 2. Having their contents organized in groups instead than single points. 3. Having alone contents. The engineering used to make digital libraries is even more radical for archives since it breaks down the 2nd and 3rd of these general regulations. In other words. â€Å"digital archives† or â€Å"online archives† will still by and large contain primary beginnings. but they are likely to be described separately instead than ( or in add-on to ) in groups or aggregations. Further. because they are digital their contents are easy consistent and may so hold been 1 Digital library reproduced from elsewhere. The Oxford Text Archive is by and large considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary beginning stuffs. The future Large graduated table digitisation undertakings are underway at Google. the Million Book Project. and Internet Archive. With continued betterments in book handling and presentation engineerings such as optical character acknowledgment and ebooks. and development of alternate depositaries and concern theoretical accounts. digital libraries are quickly turning in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video aggregations. so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. Google Books undertaking late received a tribunal triumph on continuing with their book-scanning undertaking that was halted by the Authors’ club. This helped open the route for libraries to work with Google to break range frequenters who are accustomed to computerized information. One factor that gave Google an advantage is the librarie’s carnival usage statement. Harmonizing to Larry Lannom. Director of Information Management Technology at the non-profit-making Corporation should be for National Research Initiatives. â€Å"all the jobs associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving. † He goes on to province. â€Å"If in 100 old ages people can still read your article. we’ll have solved the job. † Daniel Akst. writer of The Webster Chronicle. proposes that â€Å"the hereafter of libraries - and of information - is digital. † Peter Lyman and Hal Varian. information scientists at the University of California. Berkeley. estimation that â€Å"the world’s entire annual production of print. movie. optical. and magnetic content would necessitate approximately 1. 5 billion Gs of storage. † Therefore. they believe that â€Å"soon it will be technologically possible for an mean individual to entree virtually all recorded information. â€Å" [ 11 ] Searching Most digital libraries provide a hunt interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep web ( or unseeable web ) resources since they often can non be located by hunt engine sycophants. Some digital libraries create particular pages or sitemaps to let hunt engines to happen all their resources. Digital libraries often use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting ( OAI-PMH ) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries. and search engines like Google Scholar. Yokel! and Scirus can besides utilize OAI-PMH to happen these deep web resources. [ 12 ] There are two general schemes for seeking a federation of digital libraries: 1. distributed searching. and 2. seeking antecedently harvested metadata. Distributed seeking typically involves a client directing multiple hunt petitions in analogue to a figure of waiters in the federation. The consequences are gathered. extras are eliminated or clustered. and the staying points are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39. 50 are often used in distributed searching. A benefit to this attack is that the resource-intensive undertakings of indexing and storage are left to the several waiters in the federation. A drawback to this attack is that the hunt mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capablenesss of each database. doing it hard to piece a combined consequence consisting of the most relevant found points. Searching over antecedently harvested metadata involves seeking a locally stored index of information that has antecedently been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a hunt is performed. the hunt mechanism does non necessitate to do connexions with the digital libraries it is seeking – it already has a local representation of the information. This attack requires the creative activity of an indexing and harvest home mechanism which operates on a regular basis. linking to all the digital libraries and questioning the whole aggregation in order to detect new and updated resources. OAI-PMH is often used by digital libraries for leting metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this attack is that the hunt mechanism has full control over indexing and superior algorithms. perchance 2 Digital library leting more consistent consequences. A drawback is that reaping and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and hence expensive. Frameworks The formal mention theoretical accounts include the DELOS Digital Library Reference Model [ 13 ] and the Streams. Structures. Spaces. Scenarios. Societies ( 5S ) formal model. [ 14 ] The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System ( OAIS ) provides a model to turn to digital saving. [ 15 ] Construction and organisation See besides Digital Collections Selection Criteria. Software There are a figure of package bundles for usage in general digital libraries. for noteworthy 1s see Digital library package. Institutional depository package. which focuses chiefly on ingest. saving and entree of locally produced paperss. peculiarly locally produced academic end products. can be found in Institutional depository package. This package may be proprietary. as is the instance with the Library of Congress which uses Digiboard and CTS to pull off digital content. Digitization In the past few old ages. processs for digitising books at high velocity and relatively low cost have improved well with the consequence that it is now possible to digitise 1000000s of books per twelvemonth. [ 16 ] Google book-scanning undertaking [ 17 ] is besides working with libraries to offer digitise books forcing frontward on the digitize book kingdom. Advantages The advantages of digital libraries as a agency of easy and quickly accessing books. archives and images of assorted types are now widely recognized by commercial involvements and public organic structures likewise. [ 18 ] Traditional libraries are limited by storage infinite ; digital libraries have the possible to hive away much more information. merely because digital information requires really small physical infinite to incorporate it. As such. the cost of keeping a digital library can be much lower than that of a traditional library. A physical library must pass big amounts of money paying for staff. book care. rent. and extra books. Digital libraries may cut down or. in some cases. make off with these fees. Both types of library require cataloguing input to let users to turn up and recover stuff. Digital libraries may be more willing to follow inventions in engineering supplying users with betterments in electronic and audio book engineering every bit good as showing new signifiers of communicating such as wikis and web logs ; conventional libraries may see that supplying on-line entree to their OPAC catalogue is sufficient. An of import advantage to digital transition is increased handiness to users. They besides increase handiness to persons who may non be traditional frequenters of a library. due to geographic location or organisational association. No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need non to travel to the library physically ; people from all over the universe can derive entree to the same information. every bit long as an Internet connexion is available. Round the clock handiness A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can derive entree 24/7 to the information. Multiple entree. The same resources can be used at the same time by a figure of establishments and frequenters. This may non be the instance for copyrighted stuff: a library may hold a licence for â€Å"lending out† merely one transcript at a clip ; this is achieved with a system of digital rights direction where a resource can go unaccessible after termination of the loaning period or after the loaner chooses to do it unaccessible ( tantamount to returning the 3 Digital library resource ) . Information retrieval. The user is able to utilize any search term ( word. phrase. rubric. name. topic ) to seek the full aggregation. Digital libraries can supply really user-friendly interfaces. giving clickable entree to its resources. Preservation and preservation. Digitization is non a long-run saving solution for physical aggregations. but does win in supplying entree transcripts for stuffs that would otherwise autumn to debasement from repeated usage. Digitized aggregations and born-digital objects pose many saving and preservation concerns that analog stuffs do non. Please see the undermentioned â€Å"Problems† subdivision of this page for illustrations. Space. Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage infinite. digital libraries have the possible to hive away much more information. merely because digital information requires really small physical infinite to incorporate them and media storage engineerings are more low-cost than of all time before. Added value. Certain features of objects. chiefly the quality of images. may be improved. Digitization can heighten discernability and take seeable defects such as discolorations and stain. [ 19 ] Easily accessible. Challenges Digital saving. Digital saving aims to guarantee that digital media and information systems are still explainable into the indefinite hereafter. Each necessary constituent of this must be migrated. preserved or emulated. [ 20 ] Typically lower degrees of systems ( floppy discs for illustration ) are emulated. bit-streams ( the existent files stored in the discs ) are preserved and runing systems are emulated as a practical machine. Merely where the significance and content of digital media and information systems are good understood is migration possible. as is the instance for office paperss. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] However. at least one organisation. the WiderNet Project. has created an offline digital library. the eGranary. by reproducing stuffs on a 4 TB difficult thrust. Alternatively of a bit-stream environment. the digital library contains a constitutional placeholder waiter and hunt engine so the digital stuffs can be accessed utilizing an Internet browser. Besides. the stuffs are non preserved for the hereafter. The eGranary is intended for usage in topographic points or state of affairss where Internet connectivity is really slow. non-existent. undependable. unsuitable or excessively expensive. Copyright and licencing Digital libraries are hampered by right of first publication jurisprudence because. unlike with traditional printed plants. the Torahs of digital right of first publication are still being formed. The republication of stuff on the web by libraries may necessitate permission from rights holders. and there is a struggle of involvement between libraries and the publishing houses who may wish to make on-line versions of their acquired content for commercial intents. In 2010. it was estimated that 23 per centum of books in being were created before 1923 and therefore out of right of first publication. Of those printed after this day of the month. merely five per centum were still in print as of 2010. Therefore. about 72 per centum of books were non available to the populace. [ 23 ] There is a dilution of duty that occurs as a consequence of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex rational belongings affairs may go involved since digital stuff is non ever owned by a library. [ 24 ] The content is. in many instances. public sphere or spontaneous content merely. Some digital libraries. such as Project Gutenberg. work to digitise out-of-copyright plants and do them freely available to the populace. An estimation of the figure of distinguishable books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960. has been made. [ 25 ] The Fair Use Provisions ( 17 USC  § 107 ) under the Copyright Act of 1976 provide specific guidelines under which fortunes libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute just usage are â€Å"Purpose of the usage. Nature of the work. Amount or substantialness used and Market impact. â€Å" [ 26 ] 4 Digital library Some digital libraries get a licence to impart their resources. This may affect the limitation of imparting out merely one transcript at a clip for each licence. and using a system of digital rights direction for this intent ( see besides above ) . The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 was an act created in the United States to try to cover with the debut of digital plants. This Act incorporates two pacts from the twelvemonth 1996. It criminalizes the effort to circumvent steps which limit entree to copyrighted stuffs. It besides criminalizes the act of trying to besiege entree control. [ 27 ] This act provides an freedom for non-profit-making libraries and archives which allows up to three transcripts to be made. one of which may be digital. This may non be made public or distributed on the web. nevertheless. Further. it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes disused. [ 28 ] Copyright issues persist. As such. proposals have been put frontward proposing that digital libraries be exempt from copyright jurisprudence. Although this would be really good to the populace. it may hold a negative economic consequence and writers may be less inclined to make new plants. [ 29 ] Another issue that complicates affairs is the desire of some publication houses to curtail the usage of digit stuffs such as e-books purchased by libraries. Whereas with printed books. the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated. publishing houses want to restrict the figure of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would necessitate to buy back that book. â€Å" [ HarperCollins ] began licencing usage of each e-book transcript for a upper limit of 26 loans. This affects merely the most popular rubrics and has no practical consequence on others. After the bound is reached. the library can buy back entree rights at a lower cost than the original monetary value. † [ 30 ] While from a publication position. this sounds like a good balance of library loaning and protecting themselves from a feared lessening in book gross revenues. libraries are non set up to supervise their aggregations as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital stuffs available to frequenters and the desire of a digital library to go expanded to include best Sellerss. but publisher licensing may impede the process†¦ Metadata creative activity In traditional libraries. the ability to happen plants of involvement is straight related to how good they were cataloged. While cataloging electronic plants digitized from a library’s bing retention may be every bit simple as copying or traveling a record from the print to the electronic signifier. complex and born-digital plants require well more attempt. To manage the turning volume of electronic publications. new tools and engineerings have to be designed to let effectual automated semantic categorization and seeking. While full text hunt can be used for some points. there are many common catalog hunts which can non be performed utilizing full text. including: happening texts which are interlingual renditions of other texts. associating texts published under anonym to the existent writers ( Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain. for illustration ) distinguishing non-fiction from lampoon ( The Onion from The New York Times. for illustration ) . References [ 1 ] Greenstein. Daniel I. . Thorin. Suzanne Elizabeth. The Digital Library: A Biography ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. clir. org/ PUBS/ reports/ pub109/ pub109. pdf ) . Digital Library Federation ( 2002 ) ISBN 1-933645-18-0. Accessed June 25. 2007. [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. delos. info [ 3 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. dlorg. eu [ 4 ] L. Candela. G. Athanasopoulos. D. Castelli. K. El Raheb. P. Innocenti. Y. Ioannidis. A. Katifori. A. Nika. G. Vullo. S. Ross: The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011 ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf ) ) [ 5 ] L. Candela et Al. : The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model – Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0. 98. February 2008 ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. delos. info/ files/ pdf/ ReferenceModel/ DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0. 98. pdf ) ) [ 6 ] L. Candela. G. Athanasopoulos. D. Castelli. K. El Raheb. P. Innocenti. Y. Ioannidis. A. Katifori. A. Nika. G. Vullo. S. Ross: The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011. 17. ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf ) ) 5 Digital library [ 7 ] Kahn. R. E. . A ; Cerf. V. G. ( 1988 ) . The Digital Library Project Volume I: The World of Knowbots. ( DRAFT ) : An Open Architecture For a Digital Library System and a Plan For Its Development ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / high-density lipoprotein. grip. net/ 4263537/ 2091 ) . Reston. Virginia: Corporation for National Research Initiatives. [ 8 ] Edward A. Fox. The Digital Libraries Initiative – Update and Discussion. ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. asis. org/ Bulletin/ Oct-99/ fox. hypertext markup language ) . Bulletin of the America Society of Information Science. Vol. 26. No 1. October/November 1999. [ 9 ] Candela. L. ; Castelli. D. A ; Pagano. History. Development and Impact of Digital Libraries ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. igi-global. com/ viewtitle. aspx? titleid=47467 A ; sender=4dcefe4d-ef33-4836-8eea-f02af2cc374d ) . In P. Iglezakis. I. ; Synodinou. T. A ; Kapidakis. S. ( ed. ) E-Publishing and Digital Libraries: Legal and Organizational Issues. IGI Global. 2011. 1- 30 [ 10 ] Yi. Esther. Inside the Quest to Put the World’s Libraries Online ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. theatlantic. com/ entertainment/ archive/ 2012/ 07/ inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/ 259967/ ) . The Atlantic. July 26. 2012. [ 11 ] Akst. D. ( 2003 ) . The Digital Library: Its Future Has Arrived. Carnegie Reporter. 2 ( 3 ) . 4-8. [ 12 ] Koehler. AEC. Some Ideas on the Meaning of Open Access for University Library Technical Services Serials Review Vol. 32. 1. 2006. p. 17 [ 13 ] Agosti. M. . Candela. L. . Castelli. D. . Ferro. N. . Ioannidis. Y. . Koutrika. G. . Meghini. C. . Pagano. P. . Ross. S. . Schek. H. -J. . A ; Schuldt. H. ( 2006 ) . A Reference Model for DLMSs Interim Report. In L. Candela. A ; D. Castelli ( Eds. ) . Deliverable D1. 4. 2 – Reference Model for Digital Library Management Systems [ Draft 1 ] . DELOS. A Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries - IST-2002-2. 3. 1. 12. Technology-enhanced Learning and Access to Cultural Heritage. Online at: hypertext transfer protocol: / / 146. 48. 87. 122:8003/ OLP/ Repository/ 1. 0/ Disseminate/ delos/ 2006_WP1_D142/ content/ pdf? version=1 [ 14 ] Goncalves. M. A. . Fox. E. A. . Watson. L. T. . A ; Kipp. N. A. ( 2004 ) . Streams. Structures. Spaces. Scenarios. Societies ( 5S ) : A Formal Model for Digital Libraries. ACM Transactions on Information Systems ( TOIS ) . 22 ( 2 ) . 270-312. [ 15 ] â€Å"The DSpace squad recognized the value of the OAIS model and recast the repository’s architecture to suit this archival framework† [ 16 ] Committee on Institutional Cooperation: Partnership announced between CIC and Google ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. cic. uiuc. edu/ programs/ CenterForLibraryInitiatives/ Archive/ PressRelease/ LibraryDigitization/ index. shtml ) . 6 June 2007. Retrieved 7. [ 17 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. Google. com/ googlebooks/ library. hypertext markup language [ 18 ] European Commission steps up attempts to set Europe’s memory ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / Europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction. make? reference=IP/ 06/ 253 A ; type=HTML A ; aged=0 A ; language=EN A ; guiLanguage=en ) on the Web via a â€Å"European Digital Library† Europa imperativeness release. 2 March 2006 [ 19 ] Gertz. Janet. â€Å"Selection for Preservation in the Digital Age. † Library Resources A ; Technical Services. 44 ( 2 ) ( 2000 ) :97-104. [ 20 ] Cain. Mark. â€Å"Managing Technology: Bing a Library of Record in a Digital Age† . Journal of Academic Librarianship 29:6 ( 2003 ) . [ 21 ] Breeding. Marshall. â€Å"Preserving Digital Information. † . Information Today 19:5 ( 2002 ) . [ 22 ] Teper. Thomas H. â€Å"Where Next? Long-run Considerations for Digital Initiatives. † Kentucky Libraries 65 ( 2 ) ( 2001 ) :12-18. [ 23 ] Van Le. Christopher. â€Å"Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act. † Case Western Reserve Journal of Law. Technology A ; The Internet. 1. 2 ( Spring 2010 ) . 135. [ 24 ] Pymm. Bob. â€Å"Building Collections for All Time: The Issue of Significance. † Australian Academic A ; Research Libraries. 37 ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) :61-73. [ 25 ] Antique Books ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. antiquebooks. net/ datatop. hypertext markup language ) [ 26 ] Hirtle. Peter B. . â€Å"Digital Preservation and Copyright. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / fairuse. Stanford. edu/ commentary_and_analysis/ 2003_11_hirtle. hypertext markup language ) Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved October 24. 2011. [ 27 ] United States Copyright Office. â€Å"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U. S. Copyright Office Summary† ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. right of first publication. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf ) 1998. 2. [ 28 ] United States Copyright Office. â€Å"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U. S. Copyright Office Summary† ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. right of first publication. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf ) 1998. 15. [ 29 ] Van Le. Christopher. â€Å"Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act. † Case Western Reserve Journal of Law. Technology A ; The Internet. 1. 2 ( Spring 2010 ) . 145. [ 30 ] STROSS. RANDALL. â€Å"For Libraries and Publishers. an E-Book Tug of War – NYTimes. com. † The New York Times – Breaking News. World News A ; Multimedia. N. p. . n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. 6 Digital library External links CNRI-DARPA: D-Lib Magazine ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dlib. org/ ) Electronic publication that chiefly focuses on digital library research and development hypertext transfer protocol: //www. librittio. com – World’s Most Advanced Professional Digital Library System / Democratization of Literature: The Rise of the Digital Libraries on the Internet ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reflectionedu. com/ attachments/File/Barnolipi/EngT_8_11. pdf ) by Tarun Tapas Mukherjee ] . From BARNOLIPI: An Interdisciplinary Journal. Volume I. Issue II. 2011. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //fbc. pionier. cyberspace. pl/ Search Engine of Free Resources. available online in Polish Digital Libraries ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. barnolipi. com/ ) Conferences TPDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tpdl. eu/ ) – International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries ECDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ecdlconference. isti. cnr. it/ ) – European Conference on Digital Libraries ICADL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. icadl. org/ ) – International Conference on Asiatic Digital Libraries JCDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jcdl. org/ ) – ACM and IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries ICSD ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. icsd-conference. org/ ) – International Conference for Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web 7 Article Sources and Contributors Article Sources and Contributors Digital library Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? oldid=570781509 Subscribers: - April. 24fan24. 2A00:1620: C0:50: C8B0:1C9B:27C1:7990. A. B. . Aap3030. Aarontay. Abdullah Albluchi. Acc60. Adoniscik. Afl2784. Aladin p. Alain Caraco. Alaniaris. Alexius08. Alf7e. Andrejj. Andy Dingley. Andyjsmith. Aragor. Arctic Kangaroo. Artdhtml. Ashenfelder. Ata. Ata. rehman. Azpayel. BadBull. Badan bartender. Baileycw. Beetstra. BlindWanderer. Bob103051. Bomzhik. Bonadea. Bujar. Buridan. CVCE. Candela. Catfoo. Cej10. Ceyockey. Charivari. Chhotu372. Choukimath. Coldmachine. CommonsDelinker. Conversion book. Creationlaw. Curious1i. CutOffTies. Cwconservation. DGG. DaGizza. DabMachine. Dalf. Danny lost. Dawnseeker2000. DebbieWiLS. Deborah-jl. Denverjeffrey. Diglibs. Disavian. Djstasiewski. Dlkwiki. Dthomsen8. Dylan furnas. Eanc. Eilthireach. Enduser. Epbr123. Erianna. Evil saltine. Fatalityonline. Feedmecereal. Femto. Filterking. Floating ruddy. Fmccown. Gaius Cornelius. Galka. Gareth Owen. Gego. Gouwepv. Greenrd. Greenteablues. Grika. Harris7. Hhanke. Hiogui. Hollymorganelli. Hu12. Ilsessay. Ipigott. Irbisgreif. Irishguy. 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What do you understand by the phrase 'moral panic' Please Essay

Moral Panic - Essay Example This paper illustrates that yo perfectly understand a moral panic, it is essential to have efficient knowledge of what morals are and what panic is, with this, it shall be clear as to how and why the term moral panic came to being, therefore, the topics of discussion in this essay will be morals, panics, moral panic, and how the media is said to be responsible for creating moral panic. Butts explains that the concept of morality is borrowed from the Latin word, denoted as â€Å"moral†. He further goes on to denote that it means a message or lesson that is learned, through an outcome of a given event or a narration. It majorly concerns or relates to what is considered right or wrong in society. Morals are passed from one individual to another is society through socialization which is one of the key functions of the various institutions that exists in society namely the family, religion, the school and many more. These institutions majorly use literature among the very many medi a that exists to pass down morals from one generation to another. This is normally done through the use of literature that explains fictional stories such as Goosebumps. These stories served as an avenue of entertainment but also as a source of morals because they informed, improved, and instructed their readership or audience, for example, the novels by Dickens Charles, over the years have been a great source of morality. This is because Charles Dickens has extensively written on the various social and economic ills that face the society. Charles Dickens, in his book, David Copperfield talks extensively on the economic and social ills of the society. Panic, on the other hand, is the sudden feeling of fear that is usually very great at particular instances that it replaces reasonable thinking with overwhelming agitation as well as anxiety. Panic might be experienced by an individual or get experienced by a group of people all at once at times referred to as panic of the mass or mass panic.

DecisionMaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DecisionMaking - Essay Example Generally, decision making consists of the following six steps (Glynn, Before taking the final decision, managers need to get an idea about the effectiveness of the course of action or remedy they intend to apply on a particular problem, so a post decision evaluation via feedback can be worth while. In the managerial decision making process, the management accountants play a decisive role although they neither indulge in making nor in implementing the final decision, the management accountant is held responsible for providing the information at each of the six stages mentioned above. Management is not concerned about how and from what procedures an accountant uses in his analysis and evaluation; eventually the main concern of the management is the information regarding the problems and on the basis of this information, management reaches on a decision (Steffan, 2008). Management accountant is responsible to elaborate the management that the data that is been taken is relevant to provide the information. Relevant data are the single most important ingredient in decision making (Drury, 2007). Relevant data usually consist of relevant cost and relevant revenue which must be considered by the accountants while choosing the alternative course of action; make sure only those cost and revenues will be incurred which are relevant to the decision making. BUDGETING: The budget is a quantitative expression of management objectives and a means of

Faith Based Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Faith Based Nursing - Research Paper Example Health is something which can be experience only in the absence of disease and injury. So in faith based nursing attempt is made to give wholeness of mind, spirit and body to a patient suffering from illness. According to (Hickman,2006,pg 12)â€Å"Faith based nursing was the term used by the Rev. Granger West berg to describe the unique, specialized practice of professional nursing in faith communities to promote holistic health†. It is a principle of holistic health which aroused from a concept that the human beings must have the aim to strengthen his relationship with God, family and society. In earlier times, the faith based nursing existed between Judeo- Christian communities but currently it has taken strong hold in all other faiths as well. However, the concept of faith nursing is not well accepted by other faith traditions and as a result there are many other names given to this practice of nursing. The Concept of Faith Based Nursing The faith based nursing if defined f rom the perspective of Christianity can be said to be a sacred calling. It is a religious based phenomenon, wherein the faith upon the creator helps a patient in healing form an illness. Here the emphasis is on the spiritual relation of a person to God and health .In this area of nursing, the sacredness of God and its relation to the health of a person is considered of utmost importance. As per ( IPNRC,2000) â€Å"The American Nurses Association is the recognized professional organization for nurses in the United States. ANA sets universal standard for nursing care and professional performance common to all nurses engaged in clinical practice – Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice†. Faith based nursing can be offered in various models and it entirely depend upon the nature of faith community delivering the service. During the 16th and 17th century major transformation has occurred to this nursing practiced still the Roman Catholicism remained the dominant faith tradi tion. During this period, there were profound social, intellectual, political and economical changes which had impact on this nursing practice. There were reformation which led to the partition of churches into protestant and Roman catholic, and faith based nursing remained the latter’s concept and practice. In the their website ( Nursing Homes ,2010) writes that â€Å"Catholic nursing homes are often found in association with local parishes, however many are part of larger non-profit groups or hospitals that offer decades of experience with medical care as well as specialties like Alzheimer's care†. Scope and Practice of Faith Based Nursing Faith based nursing is also known as congregational nursing or parish nursing. The nurses who practice this nursing are bound by scope and standard of parish nursing practice established by American Nurse Association. According to ( Vicky, 2005)â€Å"Based on the generic standards, the American Nurses Association recognizes specia lty nursing practice by identifying the specialty and delineating its unique scope and standards of practice†. The scope and standard of nursing practice were established with the co – operation of Health Ministries Association which was formed in 1988 by the recognition of ANA. Faith based nursing is a profession of independent nature and focuses on the promotion of health and wellbeing of people with the means of spirituality. The patient’

Role of Enron in the Collapse of California Restructure

Role of Enron in the Collapse of California Restructure The California electricity crisis or Western U.S. Energy Crisis of 2000 and 2001 was a catastrophe where the state of California had a shortage of electricity supply that was caused by market manipulations, the unlawful closures of pipelines by Enron, and capped wholesale electricity prices. Because of the crisis, California[G1] suffered from several momentous blackouts and one of the states largest energy companies collapsed. In 1993 rumors of the government looking to reform the electricity sector spread in California and naturally the three main investor-owned utilities[G2] Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Diego Gas and Electric Company, and the Southern California Edison Company wanted to protect their markets and eliminate competition so they could reduce any potential damage to their company. This conduct set the foundation for the shortfalls to come in the near future. The California Public Utilities Commission and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission believed the state control and command regulation was lowering the efficiency in the electricity sector. These two organizations decided to undertake the role of pushing change. Before the restructuring the regulatory structure the existed did not serve all of the publics interest given the recent economic, technological, and environmental changes. The environmental community was frustrated by the delayed response by utility regulators to problems caused by the generation of electricity; independent energy producers were unsatisfied about the lack of regulatory backing for renewable energy facilities, industrial consumers were frustrated by the higher electricity rates in California compared to other parts of the United States. Private utilities were cutting energy efficiency resources and acquirement levels back by thousands of megawatts and were refusing to purchase the 1400 MW of clean cogeneration and renewables that were cheaper than utility power plants, simply because they were from competing businesses. In 1992 California has launched its gas system seeking business from[G3] large industrial customers and power generators. There was now a free market for natural gas. Large customers claimed they didnt need storage and did not want to be forced [G4]to pay the rates for it. In 1993 the CPUC disconnected storage from other gas services. This gas utility now required reserving storage for core customers but non-industrial or non-electric generation customers could not buy the storage that they wanted on their own through auction and contract processes. Large customers did not have to buy storage but could make decisions on how much to procure based on market forces, rather than regulatory approval. Small customers did not complain because at the time large customers had to have oil or propane backup to not be core customers. The electric generators that did use natural gass[G5]es were mainly utilities that would make cautious decisions to guarantee the reliability of electric supply. Re liability was not supposed to be compromised if a few industrials did[G6] not want to buy storage. So now large customers had both no storage and no alternative fuel, the gas-fired power plants were sold to new owners, and no longer owned by the utilities that put gas away to promise reliability, and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission got rid of all the price caps for short-term sales of gas pipeline capacity in spring 2000. In the summer of 2001, a drought in [G7]northwestern states limited the amount of hydroelectric power offered to California. At no point during the crisis was Californias sum of actual electric-generating capacity plus out-of-state supply less than demand, Californias energy reserves were small enough that during peak hours the private industry, who owned the power-generating plants, could successfully hold California hostage by temporarily closing down their plants for maintenance in order to manipulate the supply and demand. These strategic shutdowns oft en happened for no reason other than to force Californias electricity grid managers into a situation where they would be required to purchase electricity on the spot market, where private generators could charge hefty rates. Even though these rates were semi-regulated and tied to the price of natural gas, the companies (which included Enron) also controlled the supply of natural gas. Manipulation by the industry of natural gas prices caused higher electricity rates that could be charged under the semi-regulations. In California gas storage is vital but companies gas storage was traded for financial hedges. Storing gas in the ground is good keeps Californias energy prices down. And California cant afford to pay for all of this extremely expensive electricity during the winter as it will bankrupt the entire state. The power generators were charging for electricity based on the unhedged spot market price of gas, and society was being made to pay it.[G8] Drought, delays in approval of new power plants, and market manipulation decreased supply caused an 800% increase in wholesale prices from April 2000 to December 2000. Also, the[G9] rolling blackouts unfavorably affected many businesses that were dependent on a reliable supply of electricity, and the blackouts troubled a large number of retail consumers. California had a generating capacity of 45GW and at the time of the blackouts, demand was at 28GW. A demand supply gap had now been artificially created by energy companies to create a fake shortage. Energy traders would take power plants offline for maintenance on days of peak demand to increase the price. Traders were then able to sell the power back at premium prices, sometimes 10 times its normal value. Because the state government put a cap on retail electricity prices, the manipulation of this market squeezed the industrys revenue margins, this lead to the bankruptcy of Pacific Gas and Electric Company and also the near bankrup tcy of Southern California Edison in early 2001. The financial crisis happened because of partial deregulation legislation introduced in 1996 by the California Legislature and Governor Pete Wilson. Enron took advantage of this deregulation and was involved in economic [G10]concealment and inflated price bidding in Californias spot markets. The crisis all together cost between US$40 to $45 billion.[G11] One of the energy wholesalers that became notorious for manipulating the market and reaping huge theoretical profits was Enron Corporation. Enron traded in energy derivatives specifically exempted from regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.ÂÂ   Enrons CEO Kenneth Lay mocked the California state government efforts to thwart the practices of the energy wholesalers, saying, In the final analysis, it doesnt matter what you crazy people in California do, because I got smart guys who can always figure out how to make money. The original statement was made in a phone conversation between S. David Freeman who was selected as Chair of the California Power Authority in the middle of the catastrophe, made the following statements about Enrons involvement in testimony submitted to the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on May 15, 2002:[G12][G13][G14] There is one fundamental lesson we must learn from this experience: electricity is really different from everything else. It cannot be stored, it cannot be seen, and we cannot do without it, which makes opportunities to take advantage of a deregulated market endless. It is a public good that must be protected from private abuse. If Murphys Law were written for a market approach to electricity, then the law would state any system that can be gamed, will be gamed, and at the worst possible time. And a market approach for electricity is inherently gameable. Never again can we allow private interests to create artificial or even real shortages and to be in control. Enron stood for secrecy and a lack of responsibility. In electric power, we must have openness and companies that are responsible for keeping the lights on. We need to go back to companies that own power plants with clear responsibilities for selling real power under long-term contracts. There is no place for companies like En ron that own the equivalent of an electronic telephone book and game the system to extract an unnecessary middlemans profits. Companies with power plants can compete for contracts to provide the bulk of our power at reasonable prices that reflect costs. People say that Governor Davis has been vindicated by the Enron confession. However, eventually, Enron[G15] went bankrupt and signed a $1.52 billion dollar settlement with a group of California agencies and private utilities on July 16, 2005. However, because of the companys other bankruptcy responsibility, only $202 million dollars of this was expected to be paid. CEO Ken Lay was convicted of multiple criminal charges unrelated to the California energy crisis on May 25, 2006, and died July 5 of that year before he could be sentenced to jail. At the Senate hearing in January 2002, Vincent Viola, chairman of the New York Mercantile Exchange advised that companies like Enron, who do not work in trading pits and do not have the same gov ernment protocols, be given the identical requirements for compliance, disclosure, and oversight. He requested the committee to impose greater transparency for the records of companies like Enron. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FERC has had the authority to negate bilateral contracts if it discovers that the prices, terms or conditions of those contracts are unfair or unreasonable. Californias electricity restructuring plan was unsuccessful because it was incomplete restructuring. The state partially deregulated the electricity supply market, representing the utilities cost to serve, but they did not deregulate the prices that utilities could charge their customer. Specifically, a little recognized double whammy of frozen retail electric rates, coupled with the absurd notion of negative stranded cost recovery charges, played a significant role in the disintegration of the California retail electricity market and the financial evisceration of its two biggest utilities. Californias restructuring statute, AB 1890, required that retail electric rates for bundled electricity service received from the utility be frozen through Mar. 31, 2002, unless a utility could demonstrate that it had paid off all of its stranded costs before that time.11 Customers who chose to leave utility service in favor of receiving service from a competitive supplier (referred to as direct a ccess) could theoretically be charged something other than the frozen rate, but the practical reality was that the frozen rate became the benchmark, and competitive suppliers either had to beat it significantly, or provide some kind of value-added services to persuade customers to switch. The California electricity crisis was a result of companies mainly Enron trying to outsmart the system and create monopolies of over entire industries. The state of suffered from several momentous blackouts and one of the states largest energy companies collapsed over the greed large scale companies. A crisis of this scale shows that there is order to everything and outsmarting the system can only last for so long before you are caught. Bibliography Marcus, William, and Jan Hamrin. HOW WE GOT INTO THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY CRISIS By William Marcus, JBS Energy, Inc. Jan Hamrin, Center for Resource Solutions (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Smith, Michael D. Lessons to Be Learned from California and Enron for Restructuring Electricity Markets. Lessons to Be Learned from California and Enron for Restructuring Electricity Markets. The Electricity Journal, Aug.-Sept. 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. . Roberts, Joel. Enron Traders Caught On Tape. CBS News. CBS News. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Sweeney, James L. (Summer 2002). The California Electricity Crisis: Lessons for the Future. National Academy of Engineering of the Nation Academies. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Weare, Christopher (2003). The California Electricity Crisis: Causes and Policy Options (PDF). San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Testimony of S. David Freeman. April 11, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2004. Web. 28 Feb. 2017 Testimony of S. David Freeman. May 15, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2017 [G1]Inserted: , [G2]Inserted: [G3]Inserted: h [G4]Inserted:ÂÂ   to [G5]Inserted: s [G6]Inserted: to [G7]Inserted: , [G8]Deleted:w [G9]Inserted: , [G10]Inserted: as [G11]Deleted:ere [G12]Inserted: t [G13]Deleted:bef [G14]Deleted:re [G15]Inserted: ,

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality Essay -- Wind Power Essays

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality The United States and all of the industrialized nations were built and are currently sustained by the burning of millions of tons of fossil fuels. This method of producing power has had disastrous consequences on human beings and our environment, which include air pollution, global warming and acid rain. Ever since the realization of these consequences people all over the world have been searching for alternative energy sources that are clean and sustainable. One of these new alternative forms of power is actually an old technology reinvented, wind power. Until recently wind power was seen as a renewable resource that could work on a small scale to cut down energy costs, but which could never replace fossil fuels because there were too many obstacles to its implementation on a large scale. This paper will discuss the many ways that wind power has been improved in the past few decades, which today makes it a viable energy option. One of the main problems wind power was forced to deal with early on was efficiency issues both with the design of the wind turbines. The blades of a wind turbine have gone through many design changes over the past decades which are all aimed at increasing there ability to maximize rotation from just a little wind speed. Today's wind turbines mainly feature long thin blades with only one horizontal piece as opposed to the old wind turbines which had multiple blades and were usually much thicker. The general progression has been towards lighter, stronger materials usually composites, which allow the blades to rotate quickly and easily maximizing power conversion, but with standing high wind speeds (National Wind Technology Center). The progression in techn... ...see wind energy and other renewable resources nearly replace fossil fuel use in our lifetimes. Works Cited Anderson, Ian. 1997. â€Å"Blowing Hot.† New Scientist. 22. Anonymous. 1999. â€Å"MPS Review: Wind Power; The Future of Wind is Growing Larger.† Modern Power System. 20. Anonymous. 1998. â€Å"It’s an ill wind that blows no good.† Design Week. 20-21. Moore, Taylor. Winter 1999. â€Å"Wind Power: Gaining Momentum.† EPRI Journal. 24: 8+. National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind Turbine Research.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind In a Minute.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind Resource Database.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). Sample, Ian. 2000. â€Å"Hidden Power.† New Scientist. 166:14.

Consider how effectively does David Lean creates an atmosphere of fear and suspense in the opening sequence of ‘Great Expectations’

Welcome to the new monthly section of The Film Watchers' Journal in which we discuss a question asked to us by a reader. As it is nearly Halloween, our topic for this month will be, ‘What is the best way to create an atmosphere of fear and suspense in a film? ‘ To do this I will first discuss my personal views on this question and then we will take a deeper study of the classic suspenseful opening of the 1945 film ‘Great Expectations', directed by the great David Lean and the Academy Award Winner of Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction in 1946. To start with, let's consider what makes a film scary and suspenseful. Some may say that it is outright scares and jumps, though I believe that it is more than that. Something within us needs to feel the fear of the characters and there are many techniques a director can use to achieve that. One of the main causes of fear is the music. Large periods of silence can really get you feeling scared as you wait for something to happen, but equally I also would say that it is chilling when you hear the odd sound such as creaking or the wind to give a sense of realism and pulls at our basic fears of these sorts of noises. Another way that many films are made to be scary is by their use of lighting. Again the basic fear of the dark is used, but also making certain aspects of the scene light or dark can foreshadow future events and subconsciously make the viewer feel worried about what is going to happen. There are also of course many other ways of making a scene fearful and suspenseful such as camera movement, the relative size of what is in the frame, speed of editing and lots of other things besides but we will get to this as I analyse the opening scenes of ‘Great Expectations' as it has many good examples which can be noted. To start with it would be wrong not to look at how the opening shot of the scene in which the book is read. At first glance it may not seem to have any fear or suspense as it is a very everyday object, but I think that there is relevance to this in the overall build up of apprehension. As it is read, the calmness of the melody in the background is slowly overtaken by the sound of the wind as the story begins, and the way this is makes you wonder what is going to happen and starts building up some tension, especially as the pages of the book flick in some supernatural way. It immediately focuses you on it as the book is lit up, framed by the darkness of an unknown place which may be playing on our fear of the unknown. It then fades into the next scene, which I believe gives it a sense of smooth carrying on, and the suspense really starts to kick in. One of the key ways in which David Lean creates fear is by the imagery of death all around, a common technique used by directors. One of the chief examples of this is when Pip runs past the gallows in the wide open marshes. With the use of perspective he really looks the same size as the first, almost as if it is made for him. Subconsciously I think that this must make the scene more worrying for the audience as they have the picture of him and death together in their minds. This is strongly reinforced by the second gibbet which towers over him as he runs underneath it which again shows that death is over him all the time. I find that this is a very effective way of creating fear as it is not too obvious so it works at our subconscious which is more subtle and can create more lasting and deeper fears as we slowly piece them together in the backs of our minds. Another example of death imagery is obviously the graveyard which almost always has the gravestones looking bigger than Pip and looming over him, possibly to create a sense of foreboding. I think that the constant reminder of death being always there is definitely a big reason that this is the classic suspense scene always remembered. Of course imagery is also used elsewhere; one of the foremost cases of this is when the second tree is shown looming over Pip you can quite clearly see what seems to be a face in the gnarled bark. This reflects the childish fears of Pip and therefore makes us immediately empathise with him and feel his fear as well due to our compassion for frightened children that is within most people, especially seeing as that sort of thing can live in with us until we are much older. Of course the imagery is not the only way of creating fear and suspense. Another obvious technique used in this film is the way objects or people, specifically Pip, are placed in the frame to give them certain relevance. This is shown to start with by the world seeming very big and Pip seeming very small by using very distant establishing shots. You may think that this would make him seem quite irrelevant but as he is kept quite central in the mise en scine and the camera moves with him we can see that his size on the screen must serve a different purpose and I believe that this is to show us just how scary and big this world is, especially to a child, and straight away lead us to empathise with him and therefore feel his fear. Again this use of size is echoed later in the scene when Pip meets the convict, with the convict always towering over him in a way that makes him seem very weak and in peril. At some points we cannot even see the convict's head as it is looming so high above him that it does not fit in the frame. It could be said that this is just for practicality but I think it is important because in quite a lot of the time we can be more scared by what we cannot see that what we can see and the fact that his head is not in the shot makes it seem all the more frustrating as we do not feel that we can see the whole picture and therefore it scares us as the unknown is a massive factor in how we get scared.. Another more subtle way that this film gets into our subconscious is through very clever lighting which can be seen as very symbolic. In the shot where the boy runs toward the camera we can quite clearly see that the foreground is darker than the light shining on the horizon so we can plainly see that the boy is running from the light into the dark and I would associate this with danger and fear. However, I think the use of light is most evident in the section with Pip and the convict as Pip clearly has the light shining on him while the convict is left in the dark. This not only makes him more mysterious as we cannot see him as well as we would like to but it also makes him seem dark and scary which sparks most people's inner fear of darkness and again that which is unknown. Use of the dark is therefore a very popularly used way to really get into people's heads as it is a primal fear that everyone has and instantaneously makes us feel nervous when this man is introduced because he is so dark within the frame compared to Pip whom we have come to trust who is lit up. Although a lot of the lighting is not as strong as in some other films, I think that the way that it affects us is still quite noticeable and does serve a very useful purpose in that it grabs our attention and slowly builds up future unconscious foreshadowing of future events. Probably one of the more obvious things which David Lean uses to create tension is his use of sounds. Unlike many other suspenseful films he does not use suspenseful music or much silence, but in fact the chilling sounds of the howling wind, distant seabird call and the creaking of trees. These may seem a little over the top to a modern audience used to being scared in much more elaborate ways, but they still can make you shiver if you are really getting into the film. A great deal of this is just repeated over and over, so you are lulled into a false sense of security so that when the scream comes as Pip is grabbed by the convict you are caught completely off guard. This use of a long period of similar sounds then a large, surprising one is often used to great effect in films and the shock of it is a very good tactic as it shakes the audience into focus and really makes them watch what's happening. The scream itself is quite scary as, having to got to empathise with the boy, we immediately share his fear and want to know what is going on but can't quite tell. I think that this is again going back to the fear of the unknown which has seemed to come up quite often in this review. Lastly, it is useful to look at some of the more technical techniques used to make this film suspenseful, namely camera movement and post production editing. I don't feel that the way the camera moves makes it quite as suspenseful as it could be as there is not all that much done with it other than panning across whenever Pip moves. It could possibly be improved had more been done with it such as zooming in slowly to build up tension or quick movement away from Pip to disassociate with him at some points. However, it could be said that the lack of movement in the shots makes them seem more sharply put together and could make movement more edgy and therefore in a way scarier. The editing on the other hand I feel is quite well done to make it seem more suspenseful. As the scene opens there are long, slow moving shots which establish us into the scene and make us feel a sense of what it is like to be there and begin to draw us into it. The shots continue to be long and unhurried until the lengthy shot of Pip slowly looking round behind him as he begins to feel that something is wrong. The shots then speed up rapidly, cutting from him to the tree then back to him and even more quickly onto the tree with the gnarled face. With this we can feel his fear building up and we begin to feel it ourselves too, and as he gets up and runs we are fully with him and are just as shocked as him when his is grabbed by the convict. The shots stay quite fast as he has his conversation with the convict which I feel reflects his own fear in the situation and again, because we have already built up some form of empathy for Pip's character during the short time before, we begin to worry what will happen as well. So there it is, I can answer the question that in this old classic the way that David Lean thinks that a film can be made suspenseful and fearful is mainly by slowly getting us to feel for a character and build up imagery of death and subconsciously keep feeding us fearful pictures and sounds so that when the climax of the fear comes we are equally as shocked as Pip is. Although modern audiences might scoff at this movie as it is not as scary by today's standards, I think that it is a very clever piece of film in making you scared without being too obvious about it and that if you look carefully in more contemporary films you will see that even then the same techniques are generally used. That's it for this month's film question, but please write in with responses or suggestions for November, and keep an eye out for these techniques when you are next watching a scary film!